Hi Class,
1. Read Anonat (2009), pp. 22-46.
2. Describe two major physical and motor developments of a child and adolescent. Explain the reasons for the significance of that two developments.
3. What is the role of the brain in the motor and physical development of a child and adolescent. Explain.
Doc Raqui
1. Read Anonat (2009), pp. 22-46.
2. Describe two major physical and motor developments of a child and adolescent. Explain the reasons for the significance of that two developments.
3. What is the role of the brain in the motor and physical development of a child and adolescent. Explain.
Doc Raqui
Sign in... (answers soon).
ReplyDelete2.1. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD
ReplyDeleteThe annual increase in the HEIGHT of children on their late childhood is around 2-3 inches. The average 11-yr-old girl is about 58 inches tall and the average boy of the same age is about 57.3 tall. According to Anonat, WEIGHT increase is more variable than height increase, ranging from 3 to 5 more pounds annually. The average 11-yr-old girl weighs around 88.5 pounds and the average boy of the same age weighs 85.5 pounds.
2.2. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ADOLESCENT
According to Pillitteri, puberty is characterized by sudden physical changes by which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of reproduction. There is a rapid increase in body size, shape and composition of the body as well as the development of sex glands. According to Tanner, female undergo bodily changes such as growth spurt, menarche (first onset of menstruation), development of pubic and arm pit hair, widening of their pelvis and ovulation. Among males, increase in height, increase in weight, deepening of their voice, increase in penis length, broadening of their shoulders, pubic hair and arm pit hair development and production of sperm are taking place during puberty. I think it is significant for us educators to know the motor and physical development of these individuals so that we can tailor our learning activities basing from their growth and development. In this manner, we really can ensure that all activities that we provide them are in accordance with their growth and development to foster learning and to prevent frustrations on both parties in the event learning objectives are not met because the activities introduced are not developmentally-centered or friendly.
2.3. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE ADOLESCENT
Both sexes have a well-coordinated fine and gross motor skills. They can already participate in contact sports like volleyball, basketball and the like (provided they are not contraindicated). Since their fine motor skills are already well-developed, they can already perform activities that require fine movements with greater ease like cooking, drawing, playing string instruments, etc. Because their fine and gross motor skills are already well-developed, educators may provide activities that involve movement to stimulate learning both inside and outside the classroom.
3. The role of the brain in the motor and physical development of a child and adolescent is very important. There are important brain structures that are responsible for the motor and physical development of children. One example of that structure is CEREBELLUM that controls body movements. The motor skills of infants and children on their early childhood are not well developed because of the immaturity of this structure. But when they grow, so is the cerebellum and their motor skills also progress from being uncoordinated to becoming balanced or well-coordinated. In terms of the physical attributes or changes that occur in children and adolescent, we can say that these are brought about by brain structures like the HYPOTHALAMUS and PITUITARY GLAND. They are very important brain structures because they produce HORMONES that regulate growth and development. For example, when the pituitary gland is stimulated by the hypothalamus to release growth hormone, the pituitary gland will produce growth hormone stimulating the bones to increase in diameter and length resulting to increase in height and weight. Most bodily changes that occur during puberty are caused by the secretion of estrogen and testosterone by the gonads or sex cells after being stimulated by the anterior pituitary gland. For example, due to the secretion of estrogen by the ovarian follicles, women's reproductive structures mature. The same thing happens for males due to the production of testosterone by the testes resulting to deepening of the males' voice, increase in muscle strength and maturation of reproductive structures. Hence, the brain plays a vital role in motor and physical development of children and adolescent.
Human beings go through various stages of growth and development during their lives, the bulk of which happens mainly during the childhood and adolescent years. During childhood the individual undergoes a series of physical developments such as an increase in height, weight and the lengthening of body proportions as the child transitions from infancy to late childhood. The muscle-to-fat ratio change differently, with some children getting fatter depending on individual body type. There are also various developments in motor skills from infancy to childhood. An infant is usually able to hold and take a bottle out of their mouths at nine months, and are usually able to start moving and crawling around on their own at around six months. At this stage, it is still important for adult supervision to be constant so that progress and development can be monitored. These developments are significant because it can let you know whether or not your child is developing at a normal rate or not.
ReplyDeleteDuring the adolescent years, the physical development of a child is differentiated by gender. Girls usually hit puberty at an earlier age than boys at around 12 and grow at an average rate of three-and-a-quarter-inches every year. Meanwhile, boys experience the most drastic height increase during this stage. Once they hit puberty, they grow at an average rate of four inches per year. Aside from the height increase, both genders also undergo sexual developments and physical changes that ready them for life as an adult. Motor skills during this time are similar to an adult’s and supervision is no longer strictly required when it comes to making sure that the individual is taking care of themselves. These developments are important because adolescence is a confusing time and teenagers often need the guidance and support of adults to help them along their way.
The brain is far and beyond the most important part of our anatomy. It is the control center that tells everything in our body what to do. It controls our emotions, perception and understanding. At birth, the brain consists of roughly 100 billion neurons. During the next ten years of childhood, the child’s brain develops trillions of connections between neurons (far more than can ever be used), and then the brain goes through the process of pruning these unnecessary connections until we are left with the unique thought patterns and emotions of an individual. The brain is also in charge of all of the glands in the body, which controls the various physical developments that humans go through as children, but most especially as adolescents. It is responsible for telling our bodies that we are ready for sexual development, or for another growth spurt, and it is also responsible for the soup of confusion and frustration that plagues every teenager. During the adolescent years, a teenager struggles to come to terms with their identity in relation to their family, their peers and everything else, and it is the brain that has to deal with all of these conflicting emotions.
Human beings undergo different stages throughout their lives which mostly happens during their childhood and adolescent days. During childhood, an individual experience changes in terms of their physical aspect like with their height and in their weight. As an individual grows older his height become more taller or maintain its size while with their weight they become more heavier or just the same. Aside from physical development, an individual also undergoes motor development. According to Anonat, an infant, at eight months babies can hold their bottles after the nipples have been placed in their mouths; and at nine months they can out the nipples in their mouths and take them out without help. While at the end of the first year, most babies can pull of their socks, shoes, caps and mittens. These stages of development should be supervise by an adult for them to see if an individual develops in the right way or not. During adolescent years, in terms of the height, an average boy grows approximately 8 inches taller and adds 45 pounds to his weight; at its peak, about 14 years of age, he is growing at the rate of 4 inches a year. While the girls gain about 6 and a quarter inches in height and 35 pounds in weight during the spurt. Their peak comes sooner, at about 12, when their rate of growth averages 3 and a quarter inches a year. If during the development stage of an infant they need to be supervise, in this stage it doesn't need to be supervise by an adult because adolescence are able to take care of themselves although they still need guidance and support from the adults since these stage is the what do they call period of change. The physical and motor developments are important in an individual since it happens from the day they are born until their adolescents days. Like in an infant, if an adult supervised how the baby grows we can tell whether the baby develops normal or not.
ReplyDeleteThe brain is an individual's control system, since it is the one who control our emotions, feelings, movement and everything. According to Anonat, a baby's brain contains 100 billion neurons, roughly as many nerve cells as there are stars in the Milky Way. During the first years of life, the brain undergoes a series of extraordinary changes. Starting shortly after birth, a baby's brain produces trillions more connections between neurons that it can possibly use. Then, through a process of competition, the brain eliminates connections, or synapses that are seldom or never used (Nash, 2008). The excess synapses in a child's brain undergo a draconian pruning, starting around the age of 10 or earlier, leaving behind a mind whose patterns of emotion and thought are far better or worse. The brain receives and interprets the countless signals that are sent to it from the other parts of the body and from the external environment. During the time of adolescent years, an individual is in the time wherein he is still choosing or finding out his true identity. This is also the time wherein he is struggling with his relationship with friends and family members, thus the brain is the one who deals with all these.
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ReplyDeletePHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD
ReplyDeleteAccording to Anonat, "changes come about through different growth rates for the different rates of the body. The head starts growing rapidly at a very rapid rate almost immediately after conception. The trunk is next in growth rate, and then the legs and arms. It is called cephalocaudal. It is also growing in a proximodistal direction, from the central part to the peripheral. As for the late childhood, the annual increase in height is 2 to 3 inches. Weight increase is more variable than height increase, ranging from 3 to 5 more pounds annually. Some of the facial disproportions disappear as the mouth and jaw become larger, fat tissues develop more rapidly than muscle tissues which have a marked growth spurt beginning at puberty. By onset of puberty, a child normally has twenty-eight of the thirty two permanent teeth.
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD
According to Mcgrawhill, "gross motor and fine motor skills develop extensively during childhood. Gross motor skills involve large-muscle activities, such as running and playing basketball. Fine motor skills involve finely tuned movements, such as the finger dexterity required for writing and drawing. Children become increasingly venturesome as their gross motor skills improve.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENT
According to Anonat, "at puberty, a considerable alteration in growth occurs. There is swift increase in body size, a change in shape and composition of the body, and a rapid development of the gonads, or sex glands - the reproductive organs and the character signaling sexual maturity. Girls generally reach puberty ahead of boys. Girls gain about six and a quarter inches in height and 35 pounds in weight during the spurt. In muscular and skeletal dimension, the spurt of muscle width reach a peak velocity of growth in boys greater than they reached by girls. The whole profile becomes more angular, the forehead more prominent, the chin more pointed, the nose longer. Strength also increases, although the increase is greater in boys than in girls."
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENT
According to Angela Oswalt, " As adolescents continue to mature they become better able to move their bodies with greater skill and precision. These movement skills are divided into two types: gross motor skills and fine motor skills. Gross motor skills refer to the large muscle movements of the body (e.g. muscles used while running), while fine motor skills refer to the tiny and precise muscle movements (e.g. muscles used while keyboarding or texting). Relative to boys, adolescent girls make only modest gains in their gross and fine motor skills until approximately 14 years of age. After this point, they generally do not experience any additional improvement in their motor skills unless they are specifically training for a sport or hobby which requires these skills. In contrast to girls, the motor skills of adolescent boys continue to improve, particularly gross motor skills. Adolescent boys rapidly gain physical speed, jumping strength, throwing strength, and endurance throughout the entire period of adolescence, even into their early 20's.
The role of the brain in the motor and physical development of a child and adolescent is that, according to Sean Brotherson, "brain development allows a child to develop the abilities to crawl, speak, eat, laugh and walk. Healthy development of a child's brain is built on the small moments that parents and caregivers experience as they interact with a child. Brain development proceeds in waves, with different parts of the brain becoming active "construction sites" at different times. The brain's ability to respond to experience presents exciting opportunities for a child's development." As for the adolescent, without normal development of brain, physical development as well as motor development cannot take place properly. Hence, it will impede the way an adolescent responds, the way he takes in higher learning and the way he interacts with the surrounding.
As a person gets older, growth and development continues. Every part of the human body has to undergone changes. When a specific part grows, it also develops. Height, weight, body proportion and muscle fat ratio are some of the physical development of child and adolescent. During the late childhood, according to Anonat, there is an annual increase of 2-3 inches in height. Girls are usually taller than boys. An average 11 year old girl is 58 inches tall while the average 11 year old boy is 57.3 inches tall. The weight is more important than the height increase. There is 3-5 more pounds of increase in weight annually. An average 11 year old girl is 88.5 pounds while a boy on the same age is 85.5 pounds. According to Pillitteri, adolescents both grow rapidly and mature dramatically during this period. At first, the gain in physical growth is mostly in weight, leading to stocky, slightly obese appearance of prepubescence ; later comes the thin, gangly appearance of late adolescence. Boys grow about 4-12 inches in height and gain 15-65 pounds during adolescence. Girls grow 2-8 inches in height and gain 15-55 pounds. The increase in body size does not occur in all organ systems at the same rate. The secondary sex characteristics that begin in the late school age period continue to develop during adolescence. Motor development progresses from gross motor skills to fine motor skills. During the period of childhood, children may not appear to grow as much as during the infancy stage or during adolescence. During this period differences between boys and girls is apparent by boys having stronger forearm and girls have more flexible body. Typically boys are more able to display control anymore command of sports like cricket, tennis, golf and basketball. Consequently girls are able to demonstrate more control and flexibility in sports like gymnastics, skipping, netball and calisthenics. According to Anonat, during the adolescent period the strength increases in both sexes, although the increase in proportionately much greater in boys than in girls. These physical and motor developments are very important for us to know so that as an educator we can easily handle them and know the activities that they are capable of doing based on their developmental stage.
ReplyDeleteThe brain is the center of the human nervous system. According to Anonat, it is the control center for movement, sleep, hunger, thirst and virtually every other vital activity necessary to survival. It has different parts that are linked together which have vital functions responsible for the physical and motor development of child and adolescent. One of those parts is the hypothalamus that affects the endocrine system of the body. The endocrine system is a system of glands that secretes different types of hormones. Those hormones being secreted are very important for the stimulation of growth and development of an individual. One example is the pituitary hormones that are responsible for the development of the secondary sexual characteristics of adolescence. An abnormality in the brain function can cause delay in the human development.
2A. Childhood
ReplyDeleteAccording to Anonat during childhood stage the height of the child increases annually in 2 to 3 inches and the weight also increases ranging from 3 to 5 more pounds annually. The average weight of 11y/o girl is 88.5 pounds and the average height of the girl with the same age is 58 inches. While the average weight of 11y/o boy is 85.5 pounds and the average height of 57.3 inches. Also during childhood, fat tissues develop more rapidly than muscle tissues which have a manifest growth spurt beginning at puberty.
2B. Adolescent
During the puberty stage, changes are common to both sexes such as increase in size, change in shape and composition of the body, rapid development of the reproductive organs. Girls mostly reach puberty ahead of boys. The average age puberty for girls starts at 10 ½ while for boys starts at 12 ½ and it usually lasts for 2 ½ years in both sexes. Female undergo sexual development and physical changes such as height and weight increase, breast grow, the menarche will be also experience, pubic hair followed by axillary hair starts to appear. Boys also have some changes and development in their bodies such as increase in height and weight, pubic hair and on the face starts to grow, the muscles grow and voice deepens
One of the reasons psychologists flourished the study of child and adolescent, many kinds of adult skills and behavior are acquired during childhood. If we are to study the skills of the adult or their behavior, we must know first how they are in their childhood and their development during puberty. Most probably, the adult’s performance depends on their childhood and puberty performance.
3A. Child
When you compare the brain in parts of the computer, it is like the CPU of the body because if we don’t have it we can’t perform in our everyday lives. At birth baby’s brain contains 100 billion neurons. Also in place are trillion glial cells that protect and nourishes the neurons. During the first year of our life, the brain undergoes series of extraordinary changes. Starting shortly after birth, a baby’s brain produces trillions more connections between neurons that it can possibly use. Then, the brain eliminates connections, or synapse that seldom used. The excess synapse in child’s brain undergo a draconian pruning, starting around the age of 10 or earlier, living behind the mind whose patterns of emotion and thought are far better or worse.
3B. Adolescent
When adolescents come, the pituitary hormone of the boys causes the testes to grow. Pituitary hormones makes the testes produce testosterone which causes the body to develop such male characteristics as facial and body hair, male sexual organ, deeper voice and heavier musculature. Hormones also bring them gradual physical and emotional development. The vocal cords enlarge and the voice deepens as a change occurs in the larynx. The prostate glands starts to secrete substances that from part of the seminal fluid. The muscles grow, the shoulders broaden, and the body thickens generally.
In puberty stage of girls, pituitary hormones stimulate the production of progesterone and the estrogen by the ovaries. Progesterone initiates the development of the breasts and affects the menstrual cycle. Estrogen causes the nipples to darken and the breast to grow as the milk ducts enlarge and increase in number. Pubic hair followed by axillary hair begins to appear.
PHYSICAL AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENTS
ReplyDeleteAs the child matures, we constantly and eagerly awaits on every milestone such as physical and motor changes to which they were experiencing. Physical development of a child proceeds in cephalocaudal and proximodistal directions. The head usually starts growing at a very rapid rate, then after this we can also see trunk development, then the legs changes as well. On the other hand, there is also a progress from the central portions of the body to the distal or peripheral parts.
On a physical aspect, Boys and girls of the same age were commonly having the same height at first, but as they mature and reach puberty stage, everything changes. Boys begin to mark a greater increase in height with n average of 8 inches. And for girls with an approximate of 6 inches on height. Besides significant changes in height, adolescents also experience changes in body composition; Teen boys' lean muscle mass greatly increases during adolescence due to the rising levels of male hormones, such as testosterone. Their arms and legs also become more muscular and bulkier. Also teen girls continue to develop muscle mass while also adding body fat. During adolescence, girls' percentage of body fat will increase, relative to muscle mass. This additional fat is deposited in her body's midsection such as hips, buttocks, and chest.
As human continue to develop, their abilities also change. For a child to be able to adjust to the world they were able to learn to see and recognize others, simple gestures such as rolling over, holding a bottle or cup, crawling around objects and more are being discovered. The speed of the motor development is rapid in children’s early live, newborn reflexes disappear within the first year, and slows later. Motor development also show predictable pattern of cephalocaudal and proximodistal development. On 6-8 months, creeping were being learned, then it proceeds to pulling to stand, “cruising” while holding on to an object, walking while holding on someone and finally walking independently. With older children, they continue the sequence by walking sideways or backward, galloping, hopping, skipping with one foot and walking with the other, and finally skipping. And as noted on Patterson’s book of child development, upon reaching middle childhood and adolescence, new motor skills are acquired by instruction or observation rather than in a predictable sequence.
I believe it’s a must for us to know the development of children and adult. Growth and development are important measurements that may serve as early indicators of possible nutrition or health concerns. Also an individual needs to know the importance of this in order to live a life to the fullest. As a future indicator, if we know this development milestone of our student we can definitely used in picking a right set of subjects and curriculum that our student can handle.
ROLE OF THE BRAIN IN MOTOR AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
As we grow older, changes happen. It’s a continuous process as well, and our brain is a vital part of it. Brain’s function and architecture is sculpted by a lifetime of experiences which affect the architecture and function of neurobiological pathways. According to Anonat book of child and adolescent development, our brain serve as our control system. We called it a control center that function mainly for movement, sleep, hunger, thirst and other activity necessary for survival. The brain's ability to respond to experience presents exciting opportunities for a child's development. With the capacity of our brain to interpret, it holds the key to every individual’s future. Baby’s brain grows rapidly after birth. Every new experience leads to new neural connections and brain development. The ability of the brain to respond to external stimuli and experiences provide an opportunity on child developments. With this let’s help our child and continue to learn and try new things. It helps the brain develop and it nourishes the child's potential for a lifetime.
2. PHYSICAL & MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD & ADOLESCENT
ReplyDeleteChange in size. Change comes about in different growth rates and for the different parts of the body. After conception the head starts growing at a very rapid rate. The next is the trunk and after the legs and the arms. The different organs within the body also show growth rates. As the major parts of the body grows its organs and its systems develop, greater and greater precision of function within any one system.
On the head region, the child starts to control their eyes, reflex and social smiling, and head holding. For the trunk region, the baby starts rolling from side to back and vise versa till they can roll over completely then next is sitting. On Arm and Hand Region, they can do thumb opposition and reach for objects. While on Leg Region, they can shift their body by kicking, hitching or moving in a sitting position, crawling and creeping, and walk on all fours.
One of the major development in an adolescent is height. In childhood, boys and girls of the same age are practically at the same height but during adolescent boys grow greater. The main reason of that is men are average taller than women. Another reason is that the growth spurt comes later in boys who can thus continue growing for a longer time. Another development of an adolescent is Muscular and Skeletal Dimension. Practically all skeletal and muscular dimensions take part within the spurt in puberty though not to an equal degree. Every muscular and skeletal dimensions of the body seems to take part in the adolescent spurt.
In both sexes, strength increases although the increase is proportionately much greater in boys than in girls. Before puberty, most girls can hold their own in tussles with boys of the same age. But this is no longer so after the growth spurt. From then on, the male sex is truly the stronger one.
2.1 1.The key to understanding the adult personality
It is because if we study the growth and development of a child we will know how they grew up and how this changes affect their personality.
2. Many kinds of adults skill and behavior are acquired during childhood
During early childhood common skills are develop by child like self feeding, self dressing and self grooming. At this stage also they are playful and very active. By learning the skills they acquire during childhood you will know how well they grew up accordingly.
3. There is a necessity to study the child and adolescent in his own right as an organism different from an adult.
We should know the difference of the two for us to know how adult started as an organism and fully develop as an adult. The body of the human adult which has developed from a single fertilized egg produces a fantastic increase in number of individual cells. Living organisms grow by metabolism from within. As the baby grows, it changes size, structure and alter in form and develop their skills.
3. The most important hormones for human growth are released by the pituitary gland. Hypothalamus initiates and regulates pituitary secretions. Once pituitary hormones enter the bloodstream, they act directly on body tissues to induce growth or they stimulate the release of other hormones from endocrine glands. Growth hormone the only pituitary secretion produced continuously throughout life, affects development of all tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals. A second pituitary hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone to have its full impact on body size. The brain is the control center for movement, sleep, hunger, thirst, and virtually every other vital activity necessary to survival. All human emotions, including love, hate, fear, anger, elation and sadness are controlled by the brain. It also receives and interprets the countless signals that are sent to it from other parts of the body and from the external environment.
During physical development, the body develops it's body parts. There are parts of the body which grow very slow during childhood and then rapid during puberty. But some parts of the body grow rapid during childhood and then slow during puberty.
ReplyDeleteIn motor development it would be gross motor skills or fine motor skills. Gross motor skills it is the involvement of the large muscle of the body like arms and legs. While, fine motor skills it involves the smaller muscles.
These two development the physical and motor development are interrelated, they are connected to each other. As the body or physical develops, the motor skills follows.
The brain, specifically the cerebellum is responsible for the development of the motor skills, because it is the one controls the movement of a human body. For the physical development, the hypothalamus is the one responsible. It regulates the needs of the body for its development.
1.1) Child physical and motor development:
ReplyDeleteThe major physical and motor developments of a child are the growth of the head, trunks and extremities (arms and legs). Abilities for physical movement change through childhood from the largely reflexive movement patterns of the infant to the highly skilled voluntary movements’ characteristic of later childhood and adolescence. While the child gets bigger in size, he gains strength and stability.
Head growth - Right after conception the development of the head starts at very rapid rate. Eye response begins 24 hours after birth and develops perfect eye movements several months later. Baby’s reflexive smile appears during the first week and social smiling begins between 3-4 months. Babies can hold their heads erect starting in a prone position at one month, keep progressing and hold their head in sitting position between 4-6 months.
During late childhood, the head is still too large in proportion to the rest of the body. The mouth and jaw becomes larger, forehead broadens and flattens, lips fuller and nose larger and acquires more shape.
Trunk growth – The development is noticeable in baby’s ability to roll, starting from side to back at 2 months and progresses to roll over completely at 6 months. The baby can pull to a sitting position at 4 months, continue to develop and sit up without support for 10 or more minutes at 9 months. At late childhood the trunk elongates and becomes slimmer, neck longer, chest and abdomen flattens.
The growth of a child is seen in the abilities to use their bodies and physical skills that require strength, coordination and perception. At early childhood they possess common skills such as hand skills and play skills. At late childhood children learn social-help skills and school skills.
During late childhood, the annual increase in height is 2-3 inches and in weight is 3-5 pounds. The average 11 year old girl is 58” tall and weighs 88.5 pounds while the average boy of the same age is 57.3” and weighs 85.5 pounds.
1.2) Adolescent physical and motor development:
During puberty the child develops into adults. After puberty he should have most abilities and skills of an adult and perform activities like an adult. The major developments of an adolescent are:
Growth in size and weight - Boys grow approximately 8” taller and 45 pounds heavier. At its peak about 14 years of age, he is growing at the rate of 4” a year. Girls gain about 6.25” in height and 35 pound in weight during the spurt. Girls’ peak comes sooner, at about 12, when their rate of growth averages 3.25”a year. On the average, boys reach 98% of their final height by the time they are 17.75; girls by the time they are 16.50.
Growth in Muscular and Skeletal Dimension - Girls have their spurt earlier thus on the average have larger muscles than boys from about the age of 12.5 to 13.5. Boys’ spurts of muscle width reach a peak velocity of growth greater than that reached by girls. They have a great increase in muscle size and strength with series of physical changes, making them capable of doing heavier physical work than girls and of running faster and longer.
Adolescents also show particularly marked changes in the contour of the face and rapid developments of the gonads, or sex glands.
2) The brain is the center of nervous system; its function is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. All motor activity is controlled by the brain. It controls the body’s vital activities and drives.
The hypothalamus part of the brain appears to act as a kind of biological timer. It turns on the hormonal processes that produce the adolescent growth spurt and sexual maturity. At the proper moment it turns them off. It is thought to determine the timing of various growth stages, such as adolescence, by stimulating the pituitary to secrete more or less of its several products. The brain triggers the glands to release growth hormones.
Sources: Anonat,
http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/yf/famsci/fs632w.htm,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development
2. Describe two major physical and motor developments of a child and adolescent. Explain the reasons for the significance of that two developments.
ReplyDeletePHYSICAL & MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD. A young child's physical growth first begins as muscles gain strength with use and children gradually develop coordination (Brotherson, 2006). Physical development in children sometimes seems to happen at light-speed, according to Anonat, there are six elements in better understanding of the physical development of a late child and they are the changes in Height, Weight, Body Proportion, Homeliness, Muscle-Fat Ratio and in Teeth. In terms of the development in height, there would be 2 to 3 inches increase annually. As per weight of a child, it increases more variable than height increases, ranging to 3 to 5 more pounds annually. Aside from that, there are also some changes in trunk, in facial aura, its jaw and parts of the head, arms, legs and etc., which is the changes in body proportion. The development in homeliness, muscle-fat ratio and teeth as well. It is significant for us to study because for us to know what is going to be the problem that we will encounter when we are in field already. And aside from that, according to James Heckman, learning starts in infancy, long before formal education begins, and continues throughout life.
PHYSICAL & MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENT. A considerable alteration in growth rate occurs at puberty. There is the increase in body size, a change in shape and composition of the body ,this stage where we can identify that girls growth faster than boys. As children transition into adulthood, their bodies go through a series of changes during a process known as puberty. These changes are important and necessary, as they ultimately make children capable of reproduction. However necessary the process may be, children going through puberty can be fraught with confusion, as some of these changes seem to occur overnight. As a result, parents should be readily available to offer reassurance and guidance when needed (Miller, 2010).
3. What is the role of the brain in the motor and physical development of a child and adolescent. Explain.
The function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body either by generating patterns of muscle activity or by driving secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information-integrating capabilities of a centralized brain. [1]
References:
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain
Children grow in size and in weight. As time goes on, they also become better able to move themselves around and to manipulate objects. Predictable changes in physical functioning occur during childhood and adolescence. Development proceeds from the head downward. This is called the cephalocaudal principle. The child gains control of the head first, then the arms, and then the legs. While the body has been growing in length, it has also been growing in a proximodistal direction. Next development is from the center of the body outward. This means that the spinal cord develops before outer parts of the body. As the major parts of the body, its organs and its systems also develop. The positive acceleration, negative acceleration, reversal growth and S-shaped curve.
ReplyDeleteDuring adolescence, people go through puberty as their bodies mature. During this development stage, the body for both male and females, undergoes a tremendous amount of change. There is a swift increase of size, a change in shape and composition of the body and a rapid development of the gonads. Weight gain results from increased muscle development in boys and body fat in girls. Practically all skeletal and muscular dimensions take part in the spurt, though not to an equal degree. The growth of heart, stomach, and visceral organs speed up. During puberty, changing hormonal levels play a role in activating the development of secondary sex characteristics. Other physical developments for the adolescence are the facial contour and strength increases in both sexes.
Some of the skills in the early childhood according to the author Anonat and as discussed by Hurlock 1982, babies possess common skills classified as hand skills and play skills. When children enter early childhood, they continue to improve their large and small motor skills as they run and move more smoothly. They also grow mentally and socially as they enter school and other places where they interact with children. During late childhood, children continue to grow and improve physically, while also growing mentally as they attend school. Children become physically ready for different aspects of motor development at different times. Learning to perform the tedious tasks of gripping and manipulating small objects refines eye-hand coordination and promotes attentiveness and skill development in adolescent sports, music and the use of tools during adolescence.
Physical development is very important for children because it provides the children with the abilities which they need to explore the world around them. Fine and gross motor skills incorporate almost everything children and teens’ bodies, from daily necessary actions to specialized functions. These skills, which develop from birth, contribute to our overall well-being and ability to perform multiple tasks. Learning to perform the tedious tasks of gripping and manipulating small objects refines eye-hand coordination and promotes attentiveness and skill development in adolescent sports, music and the use of tools during adolescence.
What the brain has function is to lay out circuits that are its best guess about what is required for vision, language, etc. Brain development allows a child to develop the abilities to crawl, speak, eat, laugh and walk. Also, provides children tools that can be applied both in the classroom and in extracurricular activities. Several studies show that children who become more physically developed can improve their lives as children and as adults. From birth through adolescence a child learns awareness of others, how to play with others including sharing, and more subtle feelings such as empathy and trust.
Herbert Tabernero
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2. One of Physical development of a Child is the growth in height the rapid growth is evident at child late state while growing into adolescent it becomes more evident until the reaches the a certain age which growing in height has no longer take place. This physical development has a great significance as they become drawf or giant and lack in height sometimes affect confidence as he or she grows up. Motor Development of a child and adolescent is there skills such as Self-help skill we should let it come naturally for both child and adolescent for us not to spoiled and pampered and not be dependent to people around us. Both Motor and Physical development on both adolescent and child take it course naturally and an intervention should be done for good not to hinder those development and for betterment.
3.BRAIN as the CPU of our body has the greatest impact in our development, and it is essential for the development. All part of the brains are has its own role for any development, and the pituitary is also there.
1. Physical development of a child and adult.
ReplyDeleteAccording to Anonat, 2009. The child's annual increase in height is 2 to 3 inches. The average eleven-year old girl is 58 inches tall and the average boy of the same age is 57.3 tall. Boys and girls of the same age are practically the same height. Their weight increase more variable than height increase, ranging from 3 to 5 pounds annually. The average eleven year old girl weighs 88.5 pounds and the average boy of the same age weighs 85.5 pounds.
On the other hand, in the the adolesecent, boys' growth spurt during adolescence is marked greater. The average boy grows approximately eight inches taller and adds 45 pounds to his weight; at it's peak at age 14 , he is growing at the rate of four inces a year
2. Role of the Brain in the motor and physical development of a child and adolescent.
The brain is the control center for movement, sleep, hunger, thirsty and other vital activity necessary for survival. All human emotions like love, fear, hate, anger, sadness are controlled by the brain. It receives and interprets the countless signals that are sent to it from other parts of the body and from the external environment.
Dhonna, you have no answer in this blog!
ReplyDelete1. Done reading pages 22-46
ReplyDelete2. Physical and Motor development of a baby to 1 year old is the fastest rate of growth in human life. From lying to bed, to turn upside down, to crawl and walk slowly and from crying, babbling sound to utter 1st words. From breastfeeding to bottle feeding and eating baby foods to solid foods. Such this are very milestone for the child’s parents and of course to the child. That is why every birth month is celebrated and daily progress is being captured in cameras and videos because if you will not capture the moment it is fast changing and you will be surprised that your child is growing fast right in your own eyes. I remember when my son is a baby until he walks and change also from crib to walker to high chair until with small bikes. Such motor developments are supported with rattles, bricks and other baby toys that helps in the developments of the child. Late childhood now begins where skills are learned like Self help skills, Social help skills, School skills, Play skills and Handedness. I remember my kid wants to do dress himself, take a bath, dancing, playing more with others. Here comes the adolescent stage where again surprisingly for me for in the span of 2 yrs , my son from 4’11” to 5’9” height. Because in this stage growth spurt boys are sprinted compared to girls who grows earlier than boys. In this stage I remember when I was young that my hips broaden and my breast started to grow.
Physical and motor development is significant both to the child and the parents for this is their foundation for their adult life. In this period child should be guide both by parents and teachers to maximize its development and to help the children appreciate themselves and become a fine adult someday.
3. Brain is the main controller of the physical and motor development as well the one controlling our movement , sleep, hunger, thirst that results to our physical and motor development. That is why brain development when we are still our mother’s womb should be healthy so that our development also will be healthy.
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